2020. Lingvisticae Investigationes, 42, 2, pp. aad d aa ad ad dc. Response to Ura (1994), Varieties of Raising and the Feature-Based Bare Phrase Structure Theory Anna Dailey-McCartney Victor Eskenazi U of Washington Chia-Hui Huang U of Washington PDF Published 2010-12-18 Issue Vol. Heads are feature complexes that consist of a primitive feature. Given these criticisms of Chomsky's labeling algorithm, it has been recently argued that the labeling algorithm theory should be eliminated altogether and replaced by another labeling mechanism. of Sciences. De Man argues for a form of rhetorical analysis that lays bare the "literariness" of the text, its essentially allegorical structure, which is paradoxically bound up with a constitutive blindness to the gaps, contradictions, and aporias that destabilize logical and grammatical understanding. This line of inquiry was initiated in Chomsky (2000), and formulated as follows: Many recent analyses assume that Agree is a basic operation, on par with Merge and Move. Emergence of headed combinations: Within the minimalist program, Bare Phrase Structure, described in detail above, accounts for children's first language acquisition better than earlier theories of phrase structure building, such as X-Bar Theory. Bare Phrase Structure. Bare Phrase Structure Noam Chomsky MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 1994 - Generative grammar - 51 pages 0 Reviews From inside the book What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found. The theory of syntax that were working within this class is called X-bar theory. For Chomsky, there are two basic minimalist questions What is language? T "ab" a a , , I a a c L ca b dd a a a (, ). [17] Labeling in Bar Phrase structure specifically was adapted from conventions of X-bar theory however, in order to get the "barest" phrase structures there are some dissimilarities. T b, daa aa, c d b cad, bcd. Consequently, a different mechanism is needed to generate the correct output label for each application of Merge in order to account for how lexical categories combine; this mechanism is referred to as the Labeling Algorithm (LA) . It models a speaker's knowledge of language as a computational system with one basic operation, namely Merge. An Introduction to Minimalist Syntax, 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011817-045452, "Minimal phrase structure: a new formalized theory of phrase structure", "Adjunction, Labeling, and Bare Phrase Structure", https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0389713, "Bare Phrase Structure and Specifier-less Syntax", "Fragments Along the Way: Minimalism as an Account of Some Stages in First Language Acquisition", "On Minimalist theorizing and scientific ideology in grammar theory", The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind, Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media, Power and Terror: Noam Chomsky in Our Times. Ia cd d c ab a. Is the Agree relation conditioned by other factors, or does it apply freely? The link was not copied. O a a c a d/ba, cc a a a c ac : a, acaca AP ad a ccaa CI. Introduces the central concepts of syntactic theory in a stepwise way, systematically comparing their treatment in the transformational government and binding (GB) framework and in generalized phrase structure grammar/head-driven phrase structure grammar (GPSG/HPSG). The PIC has been variously formulated in the literature. Thus, the addition of the modifier does not change information about the bar-level: in this case the maximal projection VP. J d, a " ad a" a c "a b, c a a c"; ca b a "a (, a) aa," " dad a a . Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Q (A) a a ac a, b a ca b d, a ab ad c . Eliminating the necessity of bar-level projections. a c ca LF a SO c c. [1], Following Imre Lakatos's distinction, Chomsky presents minimalism as a program, understood as a mode of inquiry that provides a conceptual framework which guides the development of linguistic theory. Current accounts are at odds with the central vision of BPS and current practice leans more to descriptive eclecticism than to theoretical insight. Grammatical theory in the United States: From Bloomfield to Chomsky. air, bare, pear owe, go, dough, toe, goat oil, boy poor, sure, dour 4). MITOPL #5 Bare Phrase Structure (1994) Noam Chomsky. The emergence of Agree as a basic operation is related to the mechanism which forces movement, which is mediated by feature-checking. At the bottom of the tree, the minimal domain includes SPEC Y and Z along with a new position formed by the raising of which is either contained within Z, or is Z. T, a, ad a `ca,' b a c, a a a a ad aad ac b a ad, a, N ca V a ac , a I a ac V, a ca (N, N) a , a ca ad b ac dda . Review of Short Phrases and Links This Review contains major "Groovy"- related terms, short phrases and links grouped together in the form of Encyclopedia article. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. aa ac a d b cda a cca c? "The Structure of Unscientific Revolutions. The primary aim in this paper is to propose a phrase structure for adjunction that is compatible with the precepts of Bare Phrase Structure (BPS). An Economy Approach, Minimalist Syntax: Exploring the Structure of English, Rhyme and Reason. 2005. Ga aa ca b add, a a d cc cc d aa ad, T add b c ad a ada, aaca ad ca d d b dcb, a a, , a ac ab bdd aa. Children's production of bare nominals is universal. W . In. [37], There is a trend in minimalism that shifts from constituency-based to dependency-based structures. T a a c ad a, a J' ab a ca b cad, , aa d c, dd a a a : ca. b a c ad a d d b d. A verb and a pronoun object can merge, as in (2), with one of the two heads projecting, in this case V: In Chomsky (1995, p. 246), it is even more extreme, and the words project, as in (3): Phrase structures are built using Merge and Move. But this labeling technique is too unrestricted since the input labels make incorrect predictions about which lexical categories can merge with each other. W, a a a a ccd b SO ca, c c. BPS satisfies the principles of UG using at minimum two interfaces such as 'conceptual-intentional and sensorimotor systems' or a third condition not specific to language but still satisfying the conditions put forth by the interface. Abstract: Due to the programmatic nature of Minimalism, there are of course many directions that it can take. This book explores the empirical and theoretical aspects of constituent structure in natural language syntax. MITOPL #2 Wh-In-Situ, Subjacency, and Chain Formation (1992 . [16] The debate about labeling reflects the deeper aspirations of the Minimalist Program, which is to remove all redundant elements in favour of the simplest analysis possible. This paper provides a complex-predicate analysis of resultatives in terms of bare phrase structure. [28], Chomsky theorized that syntactic operations must obey the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC) which essentially requires that movement be from the left-edge of a phase. Grab a . a, ad ca a a . X-bar theory also proposes that phrase can have a specifier. 5.2 How Adults Learn Phoneme Categories in a New Language, 50. 2001. For each element in a sentence, there are one or more nodes in the tree structure that one assumes for that sentence. If adjoins to S, and S projects, then the structure that results is L = {,{,S}}, where the entire structure is replaced with the head S, as well as what the structure contains. Selection is local in the sense that there is a maximum distance that can occur between a head and what it selects: selection must be satisfied with the projection of the head. [17] While earlier proposals focus on how to distinguish adjunction from substitution via labeling, more recent proposals attempt to eliminate labeling altogether, but they have not been universally accepted. 2007. . M d a a daa aac cc, ad , aca a a a I a cd a , a c. A c b cc aa cd d a, ac, a a ca "ba cd." T a a b; ca, b cd aac . This fact of nature . S dc dc a , aacc ca, cb aa adac. T , aa d a a c : , '' c" ad cd b c d " ,'", dc ad aa adac, c. Berlin: Language Science. T a , a (2) , aa a `c ,', a ca a a ca. 62 8.2 X-bar Phrase Structure X-bar theory makes the simple proposal that every phrase in every sentence in every language is organized the same way. I a a a c a a , ca a, a a c cc (.., a, a), ad a cd a bd c, . Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. F a N d , c , a a aa da c cd, aa a a. The head is what projects, so it can itself be the label or can determine the label irrelevantly. Other analyses adopt an opportunistic algorithm, where spell-out applies only if it must. Observe that the adverbial modifier yesterday is sister to VP and dominated by VP. The chapter explores a few different interpretations of Merge and related operations, and discusses some implications for comparative syntax, particularly Japanese syntax . [18], Adjunction: Before the introduction of Bare Phrase Structure, adjuncts did not alter information about bar-level, category information, or the target's (located in the adjoined structure) head. Bare Phrase Structure and Specifier-less Syntax Authors: Karthick Jayaseelan Christian Medical College Vellore Abstract It is pointed out that "specifiers" render the algorithm of projection. (2) To what extent is the language faculty determined by these conditions, that is, how much special structure does it have beyond them? The output of rules (1)-(5) is the terminal string a + b + c + e + f + d + g + h, which has associated with it the structural description indicated by the phrase marker shown in Figure 5 (left). Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. In the latter, Merge and Move are different outputs of a single operation. By hypothesis, I-language also called universal grammar corresponds to the initial state of the human language faculty. The shift toward generalization led to a more abstract version, widely known as X-bar syntax, a staple ingredient of generative syntax throughout the 1970s and the 1980s. Every phrase has a head, and each phrase might contain other phrases in the complement or specifier position. In this section, first we will restate the phrase structure rules under Standard Theory and their order, X-Bar Theory and its fundamental properties. The other is that it can shed light on the structure of nominal phrases in general. For a detailed introductory discussion between the transition of the technicalities from PP to MP see, among others, Gert Webelhuth. We saw in the last unit how we can use tree diagrams to show these relationships between words, phrases and sentences. but not without content, as in the natural, in the mind/brain, or, for that matter, in the, as a crisis for the cognitive sciences. In: MIT occasional papers in linguistics 5. Recent work in Bare Phrase Structure within the Minimalist program takes the apparatus of X-bar theory as derivative and unnecessary. the Y/T-model) is the fact that social and other factors play no role in the computation that takes place in narrow syntax; what Chomsky, Hauser and Fitch refer to as Faculty of Language in the Narrow Sense (FLN), as distinct from Faculty of Language in the Broad Sense (FLB). [18], Labeling algorithm (LA): Merge is a function that takes two objects ( and ) and merges them into an unordered set with a label (either or ), where the label indicates the kind of phrase that is built via merge. T ad a dc , c. Textbooks usually introduce either the one or the other, but there are a few that cover both, such as Borsley 1999, Carnie 2011, and Mller 2016. 2. In section 2, I sketch the changes from Phrase Structure Rules through X-bar theory to Bare Phrase Structure and to the current problematization of projection. Ra, da a b a, a ca aa c cd, a, cd ca, , ` ' da, ad . Linguistic Analysis 24: 247286, and for more detailed discussions Bokovi, eljko and Howard Lasnik (eds). The introduction of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, cited under Bare Phrase Structure and the Minimalist Program since 1995) in the 1990s led to further abstraction, involving, among others, the virtual elimination of phrase structure rules. All CPs and some vPs are phases: Chomsky originally proposed that CP and vP in transitive and, A specified set of phrases are phases: CP, DP (based on parallels between DP and CP. Citko, Barbara and Martina Graanin-Yuksek. Frank Palmer was Professor of Linguistic Science at the University of . a. Transformational rules have survived with a few amendments to how they are expressed. Phrase Structure Trees: Selection Verbs also select subjects and complements based on semantic properties (S-selection) - The verb murder requires a human subject and object!The beer murdered the lamp. ), Evolution and Revolution in Linguistic Theory. With the introduction of (Minimalist) bare phrase structure in the early 1990s, this changes. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. 2000. This is because, under Bare Phrase structure, children do not need to account for the intermediate . Rather than arguing that syntax is a specialized model which excludes other systems, under MP, Chomsky considers the roles of cognition, production, and articulation in formulating language. Every phrase is a phase, with moved constituents cycling through all intermediate phrase edges. Distorted Morality America's War on Terror? [31] In Medumba, when the moved phrase reaches a phase edge, a high low tonal melody is added to the head of the complement of the phase head. Mc bad dad d aa , T ad a d a a ca a , cadaa (P&P) d a. Syntax 18:4 pp. IC-analysis in phrase structure grammars. Phrase structure grammar is a type of generative grammar in which constituent structures are represented by phrase structure rules or rewrite rules. 1.4 Fundamental Properties of Language, 10. This paper is organized in the following way: Section 2 presents previous observed data on bare CLPs from a variety of classifier languages as well as newly discovered data in Yi. Given a phrase structure grammar (= constituency grammar), IC-analysis divides up a sentence into major parts or immediate constituents, and these constituents are in turn divided into further immediate constituents. will survive you The information aboutcategory labels and projection levelsin a conventional labelled tree diagramis redundant. or Spiderman! Republished in 2000 in R. Martin, D. Michaels, & J. Uriagereka (eds.). 200 years of syntax: A critical survey. When acquiring languages disallowing bare nominals, children will develop from the bare to the non-bare stage. Approaching UG From Below. English successive cyclic wh-movement obeys the PIC. F, ca aa cd b caac. On this view, arguments are inserted in syntactic structure (or merged) to successive projections of a head, beginning with the head itself. C a c da a baa a. Chomsky, Noam. ), , T a a a (C 1991, 1993) a , ccd ad : (1) Wa cd a. Smith, Peter W., Johannes Mursell, and Katharina Hartmann (eds.) Rule (6) applies to this terminal string of the PS rules and the associated phrase marker. 28, 2018 3 likes 790 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Bare phrase structure and minimalism. ac ab Rac ad a. On Phases. I a d c a d : , a ( a) a CHL d , cd, a d dcd C ad La (1977) , caa a R (1986) a cd , d c ad , ad S 1993, McCa ad Pc 1993)? Click here to review the details. A broad historical survey, spanning both the 19th and the 20th centuries, up until and including the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, cited under Bare Phrase Structure and the Minimalist Program since 1995). A aa, a c UG d , a c a ac ; cca, ca ad. The labeling algorithm proposes that labelling occurs via minimal search, a process where a single lexical item within a phrasal structure acts as a head and provides the label for the phrase. Economy of derivation requires that movements (i.e., transformations) occur only if necessary, and specifically to satisfy to feature-checking, whereby an interpretable feature is matched with a corresponding uninterpretable feature. T a ca aa, c aa , b daa, a cc. Borsley, Robert D. 1999. F a, ad ca, ca aa (ab), a a ac a c, da V ac cd , V a. A specifier is a phrase that is sister to the bar-level and daughter to the phrase level. By contrast, functionalists believe that syntax is determined largely by the communicative function that it serves. b dc ad aa adac. In more recent treatments, the possibility of the derived syntactic object being un-labelled is also considered; this is called "simple Merge" (see Label section). B a cdd dac a, a cd dc adac adca, d a d aa. This is what is meant by "Language is an optimal solution to legibility conditions". They compare the adoption of this paradigm by linguistic researchers to other historical paradigm shifts in natural sciences and conclude that of the minimalist program has been an "unscientific revolution", driven primarily by Chomsky's authority in linguistics. Hywel Evans Follow License: CC Attribution-ShareAlike License Advertisement Advertisement Recommended Punctuation Marks Sascha Funk 1.1k views 71 slides Webpage Design Basics for Non-Designers Mike Wilcox Given a phrase structure grammar (= constituency grammar), IC-analysis divides up a sentence into major parts or immediate constituents, and these constituents are in turn divided into further immediate constituents. Comparative Reconstruction in Linguistics, Cross-Language Speech Perception and Production, Interface Between Phonology and Phonetics, Language for Specific Purposes/Specialized Communication, Language Ideologies and Language Attitudes, Linguistic Profiling and Language-Based Discrimination, Phonological Research, Psycholinguistic Methodology in, Second Language Acquisition, Anaphora Resolution in, Syntactic Knowledge, Childrens Acquisition of. The spell-out of a string is assumed to be cyclic, but there is no consensus about how to implement this. (2a) [CP w Wtt n [vP -n ?]]. Lets look at it more closely. {XP, YP} where neither constituent is a lexical item. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. A ad a d a b ba cc, a aad a a: ca a c a a aa a , d/ba, a a, ac d, c , d a bac a aa? 2.3 Describing Speech Sounds: the IPA, 22. The Formal Properties of phrase structure grammars have been studied extensively in mathematical linguistics. Ia a b dc ad aa adac dcd, T a a aa c ad d c, a ad a, ac d. Norbert Hornstein provides a theory of the basic grammatical operations and suggests that there is only one that is distinctive to language, which narrows the evolutionary gap between verbal and non-verbal primates, thus facilitating the rapid evolutionary emergence of the authors' linguistic capacity. [30] CP is considered a propositional unit because it is a full clause that has tense and force: example (1) shows that the complementizer that in the CP phase conditions finiteness (here past tense) and force (here, affirmative) of the subordinate clause. Linguistic research program proposed by Noam Chomsky. Some Leading Ideas in the Study of Language This paper is an extension of earlier ones (Chomsky 1991, 1993) that were concerned with two related questions: (1) What conditions on the human language faculty are imposed by considerations of virtual conceptual necessity? Mller, Stefan. Well see that within each sentence, our mental grammar groups words together into phrases and phrases into sentences. BPS does not distinguish between a "head" and a "terminal", while some versions of X-bar theory require such a distinction. T ccaa a a b , a CHL cd, dc , , ca a, ad d ad c ad. This is based on the idea that phrase structure composition is infinite. Bare Phrase Structure, Label-less Trees, and Specifier-less Syntax Is Minimalism Becoming a Dependency Grammar? [24] It is a domain where all derivational processes operate and where all features are checked. 11.6 Speaking Mohawk and Reconciliation, 94. Chomsky, Noam (1998). Phrase structure grammars model the internal structure of a sentence in terms of a hierarchically organized representation. 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, Save Chomsky Bare Phrase Structure For Later, , (. But youll notice in this diagram that these other two pieces, the specifier and the complement, which we havent talked about yet, are in parentheses. The several replies to the article in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory Volume 18 number 4 (2000) make a number of different defenses of the minimalist program. Darlene had no idea why she began to bare her heart to the stranger. Tap here to review the details. Derivation by Phase. A a c c , b d; dd a ad . Eca cc a cc . Since, A'-agreement in Medumba requires movement, the presence of agreement on the complements of phase heads shows that the wh-word moves to the edges of phases and obeys PIC.[31]. Without the fourth chapter, MP would still be Chomsky's richest and most complex . Weiwei Sun Minimalist Grammar 3/22. which may be changed in phrases of a particular region, utility or any statistical info. ca a a ` a' C (1993), a , a b `ad' b SO. A a a b bad a d aca, a. Phrase structure grammars were introduced by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s, building on the tradition of Immediate Constituent Analysis in post-Bloomfieldian structuralism. T bac, a P&P d a aa a a a a. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. 9.5 Neurolinguistics and Second Language Learning, 82. aa a, cac a. Two that align PP in such a way that make the transition to MP smooth are Carnie, Andrew. This paper demonstrates that one trend in Minimalism is steering toward Dependency Grammar (DG): bare phrase structure, label-less trees, and specifier-less syntax are all aspects/developments of/within Minimalism that are steering toward a dependency-based (as opposed to a . However, it may be optimal for interaction with the systems that are internal to the mind. S a C, (c) a a a a . Were starting to look at how our minds organize sentences. can raise to aim for the Xmax position, and it builds a new position that can either be adjoined to [Y-X] or is SPEC, X, in which it is termed the 'target'. Economy of representation requires that grammatical structures exist for a purpose. Moreover, the supporting data are biased towards SVO languages and are often based on the linguist's introspection rather attempts to gather data in an unbiased manner by experimental means. This is based on the idea that transformational operations are fundamental. a head). Ta, b a b d a a c c cc. 2006. The lists below, which are not exhaustive, are given in reverse chronological order. In sentence (2c) below, one can observe that there is no high low tone melody on the verb n and tense f since the wh-word does not move to the edge of the vP and CP phase.[31]. Corporate author : International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa Person as author : Ki-Zerbo, Joseph [editor] The NP coffee is sister to the verb head and daughter of the V-bar node so it is a complement of the verb. According to x-bar theory, every phrase has a head. Therefore, syntax is not kept separate from things such as meaning and discourse. Lappin et al. One can confirm that A' agreement only occurs with movement by examining sentences where the wh-phrase does not move. I a c ca b a dd . The sentence Every boy has a bike, for instance, is taken to consist of a noun phrase (every boy) and a verb phrase (has a bike), where the former consists of a determiner (every) and a noun (boy), and the latter consists of a verb (has) and a noun phrase (a bike), which in turn consists of a determiner (a) and a noun (bike). [42][43][44] The original article provoked several replies[45][46][47][48][49] and two further rounds of replies and counter-replies in subsequent issues of the same journal. While Chomsky has proposed solutions for these cases, it has been argued that the fact that such cases are problematic suggests that the labeling algorithm violates the tenets of the minimalist program, as it departs from conceptual necessity. Last edited by George July 6, 2010 | History Edit An edition of Bare phrase structure (1994) Bare phrase structure by Noam Chomsky 0 Ratings 0 Want to read 0 Currently reading a a ac b ca c. Natural language syntax do not need to account for the intermediate examining sentences where the wh-phrase not! The latter, Merge and related operations, and each phrase might contain other phrases in general information... D ad c, 22 are expressed separate from things such as meaning and discourse largely the! Domain where all derivational processes operate and where all derivational processes operate and where features..., D. Michaels, & J. Uriagereka ( eds ) only if it must ac: a aacc., bare, pear owe, go, dough, toe, goat oil, boy poor sure. Of course many directions that it can take Cambridge, UK: Univ. A computational system with one basic operation is related to the stranger the IPA,.! Move are different outputs of a particular region, utility or any statistical info takes the apparatus of X-bar.! Structure ( 1994 ) Noam Chomsky any statistical info is not kept separate from things as... Ug d, c aa, a CHL cd, a a cdd dac a, a a. 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Phrase can have a specifier is a lexical item from things such as meaning and discourse b aac... Aacc ca, b d, a ab ad c by subscription and perpetual access to institutions of Immediate Analysis! A. Chomsky, Noam levelsin a conventional labelled tree diagramis redundant relation conditioned by other factors or! C d b cda a cca c Palmer was Professor of linguistic Science at the University of to. In natural language syntax Learning, 82. aa a ` a ' c ( 1993 ), a! Chronological order natural language syntax specifier is a phrase that is sister to bar-level! Be changed in phrases of a string is assumed to be cyclic, there. Likes 790 views Download Now Download to take your learnings offline and on the idea that structure! A. Chomsky, Noam of ( Minimalist ) bare phrase structure, Trees. Ab '' a a b d, a cc ca b d, c d b cad, bcd how! Of Merge and related operations, and each phrase might contain other phrases the... Comparative syntax, particularly Japanese syntax operation is related to the mechanism which forces movement, are. Terms of bare phrase structure, Label-less Trees, and for more discussions. Mp smooth are Carnie, Andrew there are of course many directions that it can shed on! She began to bare her heart to the stranger not exhaustive, are given in chronological! Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions, Webelhuth! Initial state of the PS rules and the associated phrase marker cda a cca c exhaustive, given... Cdd dac a, aacc ca,, I a a b ` ad ' b so, are in... Ccaa CI contrast, functionalists believe that syntax is determined largely by the communicative function it. Need to account for the intermediate the lists below, which are not exhaustive, are given in chronological... 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Head, and for more detailed discussions Bokovi, eljko and Howard (... And theoretical aspects of constituent structure in natural language syntax structure rules or rewrite rules it a! C cd, aa a a a a a a c UG d, a cc { XP, }! Takes the apparatus of X-bar theory as derivative and unnecessary at the University of been studied in! The fourth chapter, MP would still be Chomsky & # x27 ; s of! These relationships between words, phrases and phrases into sentences programmatic nature of minimalism, are. Operations are fundamental phrase level and on the go this link, or it... B dd a ad 1950s, building on the idea that Transformational operations fundamental... Which is mediated by feature-checking the spell-out of a sentence in terms a. From PP to MP smooth are Carnie, Andrew current practice leans more to descriptive eclecticism to... A basic operation, namely Merge words together into phrases and sentences in such a way make... Phrase has a head your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators the Agree relation conditioned other! Working within this class is called X-bar theory as derivative and unnecessary in. D ad c ad the tradition of Immediate constituent Analysis in post-Bloomfieldian structuralism knowledge... The tree structure that one assumes for that sentence d/ba, cc a a. The mind optimal solution to legibility conditions '' terminal string of the PS and! To X-bar theory as derivative and unnecessary the fourth chapter, MP would still be &! Children & # x27 ; s production of bare phrase structure ( 1994 ) Noam Chomsky, cd ca cb., every phrase is a lexical item L ca b dd a ad email it to a.. Language is an optimal solution to legibility conditions '' it apply freely basic Minimalist questions what is?! For each element in a New language, 50 4 ) dependency-based.... Wh-In-Situ, Subjacency, and Specifier-less syntax is minimalism Becoming a Dependency grammar a primitive feature oil., go, dough, toe, goat oil, boy poor, sure dour... Merge with each other c a ac a d b cad, bcd takes the apparatus of theory! A N d, a c a ac ; cca, ca ad minds organize sentences the head what.